Molecular Biology & Biochem Citrate Is Kreb’s Starting Substrate For Making Oxaloacetate. (Citrate, Isocitrate, Ketoglutarate, Succinyl-CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate) Notch is turned on in arteries and off in veins, because “n” (for “notch”) is the opposite of “v” (it’s upside down) but looks similar to an “a”. Collagen: Type One is in the Bone, Type Four is the floor (basement membrane) Immunology CD4+ T-cells recognize HLS/MHC II, while CD8+ T-cells recognize HLS/MHC I, because it takes 2 strokes of the pen to write “4” but only 1 stroke of the pen to write “8”. Alternative way to remember that = The Rule of 8. The CD# multiplied by the MHC # must equal 8 (i.e. cd8 x mhc1 = 8, cd4 x mhc2 = 8 ) CD4+ T-cells are helper T cells because “cells ask 4 help”. (meaning CD8+ are cytotoxic t-cells). LTB4 is very important for neutrophils. Anything regarding neutrophils and leukotrienes = LTB4. Be Neutral. Microbiology I can only put a few of the mnemonics I relied on here, mostly because the rest can be easily acquired using the simple 3 step process below: 1. Buy Clinical Microbiology Made Ridiculously Simple and First Aid. 2. Actually read the relevant sections in both. (If you can only get one, choose CMMRS. First Aid won’t be helpful as pre-reading, but it’s great for review.) 3. Rock out. Not even kidding, just buy those books. But here’s a few other mnemonics: How to remember Neisseria is a gram negative cocci: Neisseria = Negative version ofstaph, strep, & enterococci. (Still a cocci, still somewhat aerobic – but gram negative.) Enterobactiaeae – Lactose-Fermenters vs. Non-Lactose Fermenters: The S.S. (nazis) were anti-beer and would not allow fermentation. The European Kingdoms (EK) in general, however, loved beer and fermented it all the time. (S.S. = salmonella and shigella, E.K. = E. coli and Klebsiella) Difference between E. coli’s Oxygen Labile toxin and Oxygen Stable toxin: Labile like theair (increases cAMP), stable like the ground (increases cGMP) Difference between Amoxicillin and Ampicillin: Amoxicillin has more moxy – the bravery to withstand the acidity of the stomach (you can use it orally). Difference between Quinupristin-dalfopristin and Linezolid: Lids don’t move (bacteriostatic), while pristine surfaces wouldn’t have any living bacteria on them (bacteriocidal). Similarly, lids cover food or other things (can be used orally or parenterally), while, what with all those cleaning chemicals on them, you wouldn’t go around trying to eat or lick pristine surfaces (IV only). Anaerobes Can’t Breathe Air: Clostridium, bacterioides, actinomyces are the obligate anaerobes. Fungi dimorphs: Cold = mold, heat = yeast. (Mold spores in external environment, transforming to yeasts inside a human where it’s slightly warmer.) Genetics Prader-Willi vs. Angelman’s Syndrome: You have these syndromes because of what’s missing. So the names describe what’s missing – Prader-Willi lacks the paternal copy, Angelman’s lacks the maternal copy. Thalassemias: a-thalassemia is most common in asians, b-thalassemia is most common in bible regions (the mediterranean). Huntington’s Disease (if you watch Battlestar Galactica): The CAG is hunting 4 cylons. Hunting = Huntington’s Disease, CAG = a CAG trinucleotide repeat, 4 = chromosome 4. Embryology Signaling Centers: ZPA is for Posterior/Anterior Axis (because it has P and A right in its name), AER is for proximal/distal axis (“away-er” as in,, “that part is more.. ‘away-er'”), and Dorsal Ectoderm is for Dorsal/Ventral axis because dorsal is in its name. BS’IN (as in, ‘just sitting around, BS’ing’): BMP signals Skin, bmp Inhibition signifies Neural tissue. Cardiovascular EKG Bipolar Leads: The number of the lead = the number of words beginning with “L”s in the description. (Lead 1 = left arm to right arm, Lead 2 = left leg to right arm, Lead 3 =left leg to left arm). The positive electrode will be on the first body part listed for each lead (i.e. the one with more Ls). Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Some Block Potassium Channels (Class I = sodium channel blockers, II = Beta-blockers, III = Potasium channel blockers, IV = Calcium channel blockers) Rate Control for Afib (a chant) = “2, 4, Dig, 8 – how do we control the rate?” These are helpfully in order of general severity (i.e. class II drugs for acute afib, class IV for more long-term use, digitalis as something that can be considered 2nd line on occasion) (I think an M4 here came up with that one. It wasn’t me.) Drugs to give post-MI: SAAB (Statin, Aspirin (+clopidogrel), ACEI/ARB, Beta-blocker). Drugs for chronic heart failure: Heart Failure is BADD (Beta-blockers, aspirin/clopidogrel, ACEi/ARB, Diuretics (loop), Digitalis) <– the first two have proven mortality benefits, the 2nd two are symptomatic only (though digitalis is shown to reduce hospitalizations) Treatment of acute exacerbation of heart failure: LMNOP (Loop diuretics, Morphine, Nitrates, Oxygen, Positioning/Pressors.) (And of course, get them off the b-blocker.) Initial treatment for chest pain: MONA (Morphine, Oxygen, Nitrates, Aspirin) Difference between serum and plasma: Serum includes clotting factors. Just remember that “serum” has more letters than “plasma”, and therefore has more stuff in it. Pulmonary a-1 antitrypsin deficiency genotypes: M = me, S= somewhat reduced, Z=zero/zebra (M is the most common allele, Z is the one where if you’re homozygous you have an 80-100% chance of developing panacinar emphysema, regardless of whether you smoke or not) Respiratory Failure Types: Some Have A Hypoperfusion (Type 1= Shunting, Type 2=Hypoventilation, Type 3=Atelectasis, Type 4= Hypoperfusion) Neoplasias: Squamous & Small cell are central and found in smokers. (Centriacinar emphysema is also central and found in smokers [compared to panacinar]). Psychiatry In oppositional defiant disorder, it’s ‘I say yes, you say no; I say no, you say yes.’ However, in conduct disorder, it’s ‘I say yes, you say no; I say no, you say fuck you.’ Renal Principal cells: What’s the job of principals? To expel students. Principle starts with “p”, and therefore, Principle cells expel Potassium. Intercalated cells and [HCO3-]: BEAR (Beta cells excrete HCO3-, Alpha cells reabsorb it). Also, once you know the BEAR mnemonic, just remember that Aldosterone stimulates Alpha-intercalated cells (a way to remember that Aldo increases HCO3- reabsorption). (Note: Angiotensin II, which begins with A too, also increases HCO3- reabsorption. But that’s in the proximal tubule [Na+/H+ exchanger].) Genetic renal diseases: The order of the nephron defects in Barter, Gitelman, and Liddle syndromes are alphabetical. (i.e. Barter is a thick ascending limb transporter problem, Gitelman is distal tubule, Liddle syndrome is a defect in the collecting duct) Genetic renal disease manifestations: To Git a good deal, you Barter prices down(Gitelman and Barter Syndromes = autosomal recessive, hypotension, loss of function. [get it? Down? All these things are decreased?]). Compare to Liddle Syndrome, where everything’s increased. (Autosomal dominant, hypertension, gain of function mutation.) Endocrine Adrenal Cortex Layers: GFR (Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis) Hormones produced by the AC layers: “Salt, sugar, and sex: the deeper you go, the sweeter it gets” (Glomerulosa –> aldosterone, fasciculata –> glucocorticoids, reticularis –> sex hormones) Pituitary: Vowels go together, consonants go together. (Posterior is neural [neurohypophysis], anterior is endocrine [adenohypophysis].) Male Gonadotropins: FSH –> Sertoli cells –> Stops female parts (Anti-Mullerian hormone). Also,spermatogenesis takes place in the seminiferous tubules between the Sertoli cells LH –> Leydig cells –> testosterone (Leydies [Ladies] Dig Testosterone) PTH = Phosphate Trashing Hormone. Source
