Headache is a common presenting complaint and certainly something you’ll encounter many times over your career. The vast majority of headaches are not life threatening, with tension headache and migraine being the most common diagnoses. Headache is however also associated with a number of serious conditions and therefore it is essential you are able to take a comprehensive headache history and identify red flags that indicate the need for further investigation. Check out the headache history taking OSCE mark scheme here. Opening the consultation Introduce yourself – name / role Confirm patient details – name / DOB Explain the need to take a history Gain consent Ensure the patient is comfortable Presenting complaint It’s important to use open questioning to elicit the patient’s presenting complaint “So what’s brought you in today?” or “Tell me about your headache” Allow the patient time to answer, trying not to interrupt or direct the conversation. Facilitate the patient to expand on their presenting complaint if required. “Ok, so tell me more about that” “Can you explain what that pain was like?” History of presenting complaint The aim now is to encourage the patient to give further details about their complaint to allow you to narrow the differential diagnosis. One useful way to gain further details about a headache is to use the SOCRATES system of questions as shown below. 1. Site – unilateral (e.g. migraine) / frontal bilateral (e.g. tension headache) 2. Onset: Was the onset acute or gradual? (sudden onset “thunderclap” headache is suggestive of subarachnoid haemorrhage) 3. Character – aching / throbbing / pounding / pulsating / pressure / pins and needles / stabbing 4. Radiation – neck (meningitis) / face (e.g. trigeminal neuralgia) / eye (e.g. acute closed angle glaucoma) 5. Associated symptoms: Nausea / vomiting – may suggest raised intracranial pressure (ICP) Visual disturbance – aura related / intracranial lesion / bleeding / stroke Photophobia – raised ICP / meningitis Neck stiffness – meningitis (may be related to infection or subarachnoid haemorrhage) Fever – suggestive of an infective process (e.g. bacterial meningitis / abscess) Rash – non-blanching purpuric rash may indicate meningococcal sepsis Weight loss – suggestive of malignancy – consider cerebral metastases Sleep disturbance – headaches causing sleep disturbance are concerning (raised ICP) Temporal region tenderness – consider temporal arteritis Neurological deficits – weakness / sensory disturbance / impaired coordination / cognitive symptoms / altered level of consciousness – consider space occupying lesions / intracranial bleeding / stroke 6. Timing: Duration of headache? Is it episodic? Any clear pattern? Diurnal variation? Chronic headaches – in a month of 30 days, for how many of those days would the patient have a headache? 7. Exacerbating / relieving factors: Exacerbating factors – are there any obvious triggers for the symptom? (e.g. caffeine / codeine / stress / postural change) Relieving factors – does anything appear to improve the symptoms (e.g. improvement upon lying flat suggestive of reduced ICP). 8. Severity: Ask the patient to rate the pain on a scale of 1-10 Is the pain getting worse? How is it impacting their daily life? * Red flags Red flags within a headache history are many and varied, so familiarise yourself with common patterns. A headache of sudden onset, reaching maximum intensity by five minutes (suggestive of subarachnoid haemorrhage). Fever with a worsening headache, meningeal irritation and change in mental status (viral / bacterial meningitis). New-onset focal neurological deficit, personality change or cognitive dysfunction (intracranial haemorrhage / ischaemic stroke / space occupying lesion). Decreased level of consciousness. Head trauma (more significant if within the last three months). Headache which is posture dependent (e.g. worse on lying down and coughing with raised ICP). Headache associated with tenderness in the temporal region (unilateral or bilateral) and jaw claudication (temporal arteritis). Headache associated with severe eye pain / blurred vision / nausea and vomiting / red eye (acute angle closure glaucoma). * Ideas, Concerns and Expectations Ideas – what are the patient’s thoughts regarding their symptoms? Concerns – explore any worries the patient may have regarding their symptoms Expectations – gain an understanding of what the patient is hoping to achieve from the consultation * Summarising Summarise what the patient has told you about their presenting complaint. This allows you to check your understanding regarding everything the patient has told you. It also allows the patient to correct any inaccurate information and expand further on certain aspects. Once you have summarised, ask the patient if there’s anything else that you’ve overlooked. Continue to periodically summarise as you move through the rest of the history. * Signposting Signposting involves explaining to the patient: What you have covered – “Ok, so we’ve talked about your symptoms and your concerns regarding them” What you plan to cover next – “Now I’d like to discuss your past medical history and your medications” Past medical history Previous episodes of headache / migraine? Previous intracranial bleeds? (e.g. subarachnoid haemorrhage) Head trauma in last three months? History of malignancy? Other medical conditions? Previous surgery? – e.g. CSF shunting (blocked / infected shunts present with headache) Drug history Regular prescribed medication? Anticoagulants or antiplatelets? – e.g. Warfarin / Aspirin Analgesia for headache? - Clarify dosages and frequencies - In a month with 30 days, on how many days would they use painkillers? - Do the painkillers fully relieve the pain? Over the counter drugs or herbal remedies? ALLERGIES – document these clearly Family history Neurological diagnoses in first degree relatives? – e.g. migraine Social history Smoking – How many cigarettes a day? How long have they smoked for? Alcohol – How many units a week? – be specific about type / volume / strength of alcohol Recreational drug use – headache may be withdrawal related Living situation: - House / Flat – stairs / adaptations - Who lives with the patient? – important when considering discharging home from hospital - Any carer input? – what level of care do they receive? Activities of daily living: - Is the patient independent / able to fully care for themselves? - Can they manage self hygiene / housework / food shopping? - Is the headache interfering significantly with their daily life? Occupation – clarify their role and daily responsibilities Systemic enquiry Systemic enquiry involves performing a brief screen for symptoms in other body systems. This may pick up on symptoms the patient failed to mention in the presenting complaint. Some of these symptoms may be relevant to the diagnosis (e.g. reduced urine output in dehydration). Choosing which symptoms to ask about depends on the presenting complaint and your level of experience. Cardiovascular – chest pain / Palpitations / Dyspnoea / Syncope / Orthopnoea / Peripheral oedema Respiratory – Dyspnoea / Cough / Sputum / Wheeze / Haemoptysis / chest pain GI – Appetite / Nausea / Vomiting / Indigestion / Dysphagia / Weight loss / Abdominal pain / Bowel habit Urinary – Volume of urine passed / Frequency / Dysuria / Urgency / Incontinence Musculoskeletal – Bone and joint pain / Muscular pain Dermatology – Rashes / Skin breaks / Ulcers / Lesions Closing the consultation Thank patient Summarise history Source
