How Violence Affects Our Genes: New Study Sheds Light on Intergenerational Trauma

Violence Leaves Its Mark on Our Genes for Generations, Study Finds

The impact of trauma can be profound and far-reaching, with the effects extending not only to the survivors but to their descendants as well. A recent groundbreaking study has shed light on how exposure to violence can leave lasting marks on our genetic code, influencing not only those who directly experience it but also their children and grandchildren. This research, which examines the biological consequences of intergenerational trauma, provides new insights into why individuals with a family history of adversity may be more prone to mental health conditions, such as anxiety and depression, even if they themselves have not experienced such traumatic events.

The Link Between Trauma and Genetics

The study, conducted by an international team of researchers, focuses on Syrian families who have lived through the devastating effects of the ongoing Syrian civil war. By analyzing the genetic material of individuals from 48 Syrian families across three generations, the researchers were able to uncover how trauma from past violence, such as the 1982 Hama massacre and the 2011 armed uprising, has impacted not only the survivors but also their descendants. The study found that epigenetic changes, which are chemical modifications to the DNA that affect gene expression, played a key role in transmitting the effects of trauma across generations.

DNA samples from 131 individuals—ranging from grandmothers and mothers who experienced the violence to their grandchildren, who were born years later—were collected using cheek swabs. The analysis revealed significant changes in 14 genomic regions related to the violence experienced by the older generations. Notably, the study found that eight of these genetic modifications persisted across two generations, impacting the grandchildren, even though they had not lived through the traumatic events themselves. This suggests that the biological effects of violence can be passed down through epigenetic changes, potentially altering an individual's predisposition to mental and physical health problems.

The Science Behind Epigenetic Changes

Epigenetic modifications do not involve changes to the DNA sequence itself but instead involve chemical alterations that can change how genes are expressed. These changes can be influenced by a range of environmental factors, including stress, diet, and exposure to toxins. In this case, the researchers found that the stress caused by exposure to violence had altered the chemical signals associated with certain genes. These modifications were found in both individuals who directly experienced the violence and their descendants, suggesting that trauma-induced stress could be the driving force behind these genetic changes.

One particularly concerning finding from the study was the indication of accelerated epigenetic aging in the descendants of the violence survivors. This suggests that the trauma experienced by the older generations may have long-term health consequences, increasing the risk of age-related diseases in their children and grandchildren. The persistence of these epigenetic changes highlights the lasting impact of violence, not just on the immediate victims but also on future generations.

Resilience in the Face of Trauma

While the study underscores the profound impact that violence can have on the human body at a genetic level, it also highlights the resilience of the families involved. Despite the physical and psychological scars left by the violence, many of the individuals in the study have shown remarkable perseverance. They have continued to lead fulfilling lives, raising children, maintaining traditions, and contributing to their communities.

This resilience in the face of adversity serves as a testament to the strength of the human spirit. It suggests that, despite the genetic consequences of trauma, people can still build meaningful lives and overcome immense challenges. However, the study also serves as a reminder of the long-lasting effects of violence, particularly on mental and physical health. The intergenerational transmission of trauma may contribute to cycles of poverty, abuse, and poor health that can be difficult to break.

Implications for Understanding Violence and Its Effects

The findings from this study have significant implications for our understanding of the lasting effects of violence. While much of the previous research on intergenerational trauma has focused on the psychological and social consequences of violence, this study provides new insights into the biological mechanisms at play. It suggests that trauma-induced epigenetic changes could help explain why individuals with a family history of adversity are more likely to experience mental health problems, even if they have not directly experienced violence themselves.

The researchers believe that their findings may apply to a wide range of violent experiences, including domestic violence, sexual violence, and gun violence. The results underscore the need for a greater focus on the long-term consequences of violence, not only for those directly involved but also for future generations. In addition, the study highlights the importance of considering the role of genetics and epigenetics in the development of mental and physical health conditions, particularly in individuals with a history of trauma.

Moving Forward: The Need for Empathy and Action

The researchers hope that their findings will encourage greater empathy for those who have experienced violence and trauma. By understanding the lasting effects of trauma on genetics and health, we can foster a more compassionate response to victims and their families. In addition, the study calls for increased attention from policymakers to address the root causes of violence and to support initiatives aimed at breaking the cycle of intergenerational trauma.

Ultimately, the research suggests that trauma and violence can have far-reaching effects, impacting not only those who directly experience it but also their descendants. These findings should prompt further investigation into how we can mitigate the impact of violence on future generations, particularly in terms of mental health, social support, and policy interventions. As we continue to uncover the biological mechanisms behind trauma and its effects, we may be able to develop more effective strategies to address the long-term consequences of violence and provide better care for those affected.

Conclusion

This study represents a pivotal step forward in our understanding of how trauma affects the human body, not only on a psychological level but also at a genetic level. It emphasizes the importance of considering both the immediate and long-term impacts of violence, urging a more comprehensive approach to addressing its effects. By recognizing the intergenerational transmission of trauma, we can begin to develop strategies that not only help those who have experienced violence but also protect future generations from its harmful consequences.

Study Reference: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89818-z