Hurricane Milton's Aftermath: How Floodwaters Increase Bacterial Infections

Health Risks After Hurricanes: A Closer Look at Vibrio Vulnificus and Other Dangers in Floodwaters

Hurricanes are well-known for their devastating impact, including destruction of property and displacement of people. However, another lesser-known but equally dangerous threat often follows in their wake: the health risks associated with floodwaters. This article will explore the case of Vibrio vulnificus infections following two recent hurricanes—Helene and Milton—and discuss how contaminated floodwaters pose a significant public health risk. The discussion will center on understanding the dangers of Vibrio vulnificus, the illnesses it can cause, and what precautions are essential to prevent infection, particularly in the aftermath of a hurricane.

Vibrio Vulnificus: The Hidden Danger in Floodwaters
As Florida’s Gulf Coast reels from the impact of hurricanes Helene and Milton, health officials have raised alarms about the presence of Vibrio vulnificus in the resulting floodwaters. Vibrio vulnificus, a bacteria naturally found in warm coastal waters, becomes more concentrated following heavy rainfall and flooding, making it a significant threat in hurricane-affected areas. The bacteria thrive where salt water meets fresh water—conditions commonly found in floodwaters left behind after storm surges.

The Florida Department of Health has issued warnings, urging residents to avoid contact with floodwaters to prevent exposure. As explained by Dr. Scott Rivkees, former Florida state surgeon general, individuals who have open wounds or are immunocompromised, such as those with cancer, are at an even greater risk of contracting this potentially life-threatening bacteria. Exposure to Vibrio vulnificus can lead to serious infections, particularly if the bacteria come into contact with open wounds.

The Case of Hurricanes Helene and Milton
Both Helene and Milton brought massive storm surges to the Gulf Coast, resulting in significant flooding. For instance, in Cedar Key, Florida—located around 100 miles from where Helene made landfall—health officials observed a sharp rise in cases of cellulitis, a bacterial skin infection often caused by exposure to contaminated floodwaters. The local clinic, Cedar Key Healthcare, treated patients with lacerations, asthma, bronchitis, and even tetanus, highlighting the broad range of health complications that floodwaters can cause.

After Hurricane Milton hit, the challenges only grew. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 14 U.S. states reported Vibrio vulnificus outbreaks in dairy cattle, a rare but notable development. Even more alarming, human cases have now been confirmed. Sixteen people have been infected in 2024, with six of these cases linked to dairy cows and nine tied to infected poultry. California, which was initially untouched, recently confirmed two human cases.

What Makes Vibrio Vulnificus So Dangerous?
Vibrio vulnificus is not just any bacterium—it’s a particularly aggressive and deadly pathogen that thrives in brackish waters. While there are around 12 different species of Vibrio bacteria that can infect humans, Vibrio vulnificus is among the most serious. It accounts for over 95% of seafood-related deaths in the U.S. and is responsible for a condition called vibriosis, which can cause symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps, fever, and in some cases, necrotizing fasciitis—a fast-spreading infection that kills the tissue around the wound.

When Vibrio vulnificus infects a wound, it can quickly progress to a life-threatening condition, especially in people with compromised immune systems. In severe cases, Vibrio infections can lead to amputations or death. The infection can be particularly deadly for people with liver conditions, diabetes, or weakened immune systems.

Health Risks from Floodwaters Beyond Vibrio
Floodwaters following hurricanes bring more than just Vibrio vulnificus. They can also carry a host of other pathogens that pose serious health risks. For instance, floodwaters are often contaminated with chemicals, sewage, and debris that can lead to cuts, scrapes, or more severe injuries. Even small, seemingly insignificant wounds can become infected, leading to conditions like tetanus or cellulitis. Asthma and bronchitis cases often rise due to the mold and pollutants in the air following hurricanes.

After Milton, health workers were hard-pressed to manage the influx of patients needing treatment for a variety of infections. Tami Wilkes, a healthcare professional in Cedar Key, described how health officials collaborated with the local clinic to distribute tetanus injections and antibiotics to combat infections caused by exposure to floodwaters.

Guidelines for Protection Against Floodwater-Related Illnesses
Given the risks, it is crucial for residents in flood-prone areas to take preventive measures against infections, particularly when cleaning up after hurricanes. The CDC recommends wearing personal protective equipment, including rubber gloves, boots, and goggles, to avoid contact with contaminated water. People should also avoid touching debris that may cause cuts or scrapes, as these injuries could easily become infected in floodwaters.

Hygiene is essential. After any exposure to floodwaters, individuals should immediately clean exposed skin with soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Clothing that has been in contact with floodwaters should be washed with hot water and detergent before wearing it again. If someone develops any symptoms like fever, swelling, or pain after being exposed to floodwaters, they should seek medical attention immediately.

Hurricanes, Floods, and the Future: The Role of Climate Change
The Vibrio vulnificus outbreaks in Florida highlight a growing problem that health experts have long been concerned about: the link between climate change and public health. Climate change is causing rising temperatures and increased storm intensity, creating favorable conditions for bacteria like Vibrio vulnificus to thrive. The Lancet Planetary Health published a study in July 2024 warning that with climate change, we can expect the risk of bacterial pathogens in coastal waters to increase.

The Gulf of Mexico, in particular, has seen a sharp rise in cases of Vibrio infections in recent years. As water temperatures rise and hurricanes become more frequent, conditions are perfect for the bacteria to spread. It is no longer just a regional concern but a global one. In fact, Vibrio vulnificus infections have now been reported as far away as Antarctica, where infected migratory birds are believed to have spread the bacteria.

Final Thoughts: Be Prepared, Stay Informed
As hurricanes continue to increase in intensity and frequency, so too do the health risks associated with flooding. Vibrio vulnificus is just one of many pathogens that can pose a threat, but it serves as a sobering reminder that hurricanes can leave more than just physical destruction in their wake. Awareness, preparedness, and early intervention are key to preventing severe outcomes.

Health professionals and local authorities play a vital role in educating the public on these hidden dangers. Whether through issuing advisories, offering medical assistance, or distributing protective equipment, their efforts are crucial in ensuring that communities are ready to handle the post-storm risks.