Widowhood Accelerates Cognitive Decline Among Those At Risk For Alzheimer Disease

The death of a spouse often means the loss of intimacy, companionship, and everyday support for older adults. A new study finds that widowhood can have another profound effect: It may accelerate cognitive decline.

Investigators from Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital analyzed older, cognitively normal Americans enrolled in the Harvard Aging Brain Study whose marital status and brain β-amyloid levels—a marker of Alzheimer disease—were determined at the beginning of the study. The team found that individuals who were widowed experienced a sharper cognitive decline than their married counterparts, especially among those who had high β-amyloid levels. The study suggests that widowhood may be an important and understudied risk factor for cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer disease and highlights the need for increased focus on this high-risk population. Findings are published in JAMA Network Open.

"We know that social relationships can be an important buffer against cognitive decline," said senior author Nancy Donovan, MD, of the Division of Geriatric Psychiatry at the Brigham and an associate researcher at Mass General. "Being married provides opportunity for more social engagement and emotional support from a spouse, it expands one's social network and it provides more opportunity for cognitive stimulation. All of these benefits are lost in widowhood. Importantly, loss of a spouse is a highly stressful life event which can have deleterious effects on the brain."

Women are at increased risk for both widowhood and Alzheimer disease, both of which increase in frequency with age. The study, which included 260 cognitively unimpaired adults ages 62 to 89—153 women and 107 men—classified its subjects into three groups: married, widowed, or unmarried (divorced, single, separated or never married). Of these subjects, 66 women and 79 men were married; 31 women and four men were widowed. The researchers measured the subjects' β-amyloid levels using PET scans at the beginning of the study.

Donovan and colleagues evaluated a participant's cognitive performance each year for 4 years using a series of tests to analyze various dimensions of cognition. They found that cognitive performance declined in the widowed group, differing significantly from the married group. There was no difference between the married group and the unmarried group. In addition, they found that among adults with the highest β-amyloid levels, those who were widowed had the sharpest decline in cognition compared to those who were married, declining at a rate three times faster. This finding was independent of many factors including age, sex, socioeconomic status, and depression.

The authors note this is the first study to show a combined and synergistic effect of widowhood and β-amyloid on cognitive decline and will need to be replicated in other studies.

"Our division has become very interested in understanding the physiological effects of widowhood so that we can develop interventions to try to alter these trajectories," said Donovan. "Our findings also suggest that researchers engaged in Alzheimer disease prevention trials may want to pay particular attention to widowed older adults to tailor interventions for this especially susceptible group of patients."

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